Schematic of data-driven weather forecasting

Example of direct weather prediction for 5 days lead time. The input to the neural network are fields on a latitude-longitude grid. The fields can be several levels of the same variable and/or different variables. The goal is to predict the same fields some time ahead. (b) Iterative forecasts are created from data-driven models trained on a shorter lead time, for example, 6 hr, which are then iteratively called up to the required forecast lead time.